Mathematics Book Differential Equation by Kedar Nath Ram Nath Download Link

Book Name : Differential Equation
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Question:

What is the Advantages of optical fiber communication

Solution:

(a) Enormous potential bandwidth:

The optical carrier frequency in the range 1013 to 1016 Hz (generally in the near infrared around 1014 Hz or 105 GHz) yields a far greater potential transmission bandwidth than metallic cable systems (i.e. coaxial cable bandwidth typically around 20 MHz over distances up to a maximum of 10 km) or even millimeter wave radio systems (i.e. systems currently operating with modulation bandwidths of 700 MHz over a few hundreds of meters). Indeed, by the year 2000 the typical bandwidth multiplied by length product for an optical fiber link incorporating fiber amplifiers was 5000 GHz km in comparison with the typical bandwidth–length product for coaxial cable of around 100 MHz km. Hence at this time optical fiber was already demonstrating a factor of 50 000 bandwidth improvement over coaxial cable while also providing this superior information-carrying capacity over much longer transmission distances .

Although the usable fiber bandwidth will be extended further towards the optical carrier
frequency, it is clear that this parameter is limited by the use of a single optical carrier signal. Hence a much enhanced bandwidth utilization for an optical fiber can be achieved by transmitting several optical signals, each at different center wavelengths, in parallel on the same fiber. This wavelength division multiplexed operation (see Section 12.9.4), particularly with dense packing of the optical wavelengths (or, essentially, fine frequency spacing), offers the potential for a fiber information-carrying capacity that is many orders of magnitude in excess of that obtained using copper cables or a wideband radio system.

(b) Small size and weight:

 Optical fibers have very small diameters which are often no greater than the diameter of a human hair. Hence, even when such fibers are covered with protective coatings they are far smaller and much lighter than corresponding copper cables. This is a tremendous boon towards the alleviation of duct congestion in cities, as well as allowing for an expansion of signal transmission within mobiles such as aircraft, satellites and even ships.

(c) Electrical isolation:

 Optical fibers which are fabricated from glass, or sometimes a
plastic polymer, are electrical insulators and therefore, unlike their metallic counterparts,
they do not exhibit earth loop and interface problems. Furthermore, this property makes
optical fiber transmission ideally suited for communication in electrically hazardous environments
as the fibers create no arcing or spark hazard at abrasions or short circuits.

(d) Immunity to interference and crosstalk:

 Optical fibers form a dielectric waveguide and are therefore free from electromagnetic interference (EMI), radio-frequency interference (RFI), or switching transients giving electromagnetic pulses (EMPs). Hence the operation of an optical fiber communication system is unaffected by transmission through an electrically noisy environment and the fiber cable requires no shielding from EMI. The
fiber cable is also not susceptible to lightning strikes if used overhead rather than underground. Moreover, it is fairly easy to ensure that there is no optical interference between fibers and hence, unlike communication using electrical conductors, crosstalk is negligible, even when many fibers are cabled together.

(e) Signal security:

 The light from optical fibers does not radiate significantly and therefore they provide a high degree of signal security. Unlike the situation with copper cables, a transmitted optical signal cannot be obtained from a fiber in a noninvasive manner (i.e. without drawing optical power from the fiber). Therefore, in theory, any attempt to acquire a message signal transmitted optically may be detected. This feature is obviously attractive for military, banking and general data transmission (i.e. computer network) applications.



Note: Solution is from the Book of John M Senior - Optical fiber communications principles and practice. Download the complete book here

(f) Low transmission loss:

 The development of optical fibers over the last 20 years has resulted in the production of optical fiber cables which exhibit very low attenuation or transmission loss in comparison with the best copper conductors. Fibers have been fabricated with losses as low as 0.15 dB km−1 (see Section 3.3.2) and this feature has become a major advantage of optical fiber communications. It facilitates the implementation of communication links with extremely wide optical repeater or amplifier spacings, thus reducing both system cost and complexity. Together with the already proven modulation bandwidth capability of fiber cables, this property has provided a totally compelling case for the adoption of optical fiber communications in the majority of long-haul telecommunication applications, replacing not only copper cables, but also satellite communications, as a consequence of the very noticeable delay incurred for voice transmission when using this latter approach.

(g) Ruggedness and flexibility:

 Although protective coatings are essential, optical fibers may be manufactured with very high tensile strengths (see Section 4.6). Perhaps surprisingly for a glassy substance, the fibers may also be bent to quite small radii or twisted without damage. Furthermore, cable structures have been developed which have proved flexible, compact and extremely rugged. Taking the size and weight advantage into account, these optical fiber cables are generally superior in terms of storage, transportation, handling and installation to corresponding copper cables, while exhibiting at least comparable strength and durability.

(h) System reliability and ease of maintenance:

 These features primarily stem from the low-loss property of optical fiber cables which reduces the requirement for intermediate repeaters or line amplifiers to boost the transmitted signal strength. Hence with fewer optical repeaters or amplifiers, system reliability is generally enhanced in comparison with conventional electrical conductor systems. Furthermore, the reliability of the optical
components is no longer a problem with predicted lifetimes of 20 to 30 years being quite common. Both these factors also tend to reduce maintenance time and costs.

(i) Potential low cost:

 The glass which generally provides the optical fiber transmission medium is made from sand – not a scarce resource. So, in comparison with copper conductors, optical fibers offer the potential for low-cost line communication. Although over recent years this potential has largely been realized in the costs of the optical fiber transmission medium which for bulk purchases has become competitive with copper wires (i.e. twisted pairs), it has not yet been achieved in all the other component areas associated with optical fiber communications. For example, the costs of high-performance semiconductor lasers and detector photodiodes are still relatively high, as well as some of those concerned with the connection technology (demountable connectors, couplers, etc.).


Overall system costs when utilizing optical fiber communication on long-haul links, however, are substantially less than those for equivalent electrical line systems because of the low-loss and wideband properties of the optical transmission medium. As indicated in (f), the requirement for intermediate repeaters and the associated electronics is reduced, giving a substantial cost advantage. Although this cost benefit gives a net gain for longhaul links, it is not always the case in short-haul applications where the additional cost incurred, due to the electrical–optical conversion (and vice versa), may be a deciding factor. Nevertheless, there are other possible cost advantages in relation to shipping, handling, installation and maintenance, as well as the features indicated in (c) and (d) which may prove significant in the system choice.


Note: Solution is from the Book of John M Senior - Optical fiber communications principles and practice. Download the complete book here



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